電動汽車和電動車電池的使用壽命是消費者關注的焦點之一，因此循環壽命也是動力鋰電池的(de)一(yi)個非常重要的(de)考核指標(biao)。鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)循(xun)環壽(shou)命與正負極材料、電(dian)解液的(de)選擇(ze)對于循(xun)環壽(shou)命影響(xiang)最大(da)，其次是鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)使用(yong)策(ce)略，例如充(chong)放電(dian)制度(du)、工作(zuo)溫度(du)等都會對鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)循(xun)環壽(shou)命產生顯著的(de)影響(xiang)。

德國慕尼黑工業大學的Peter Keil和Andreas Jossen針對充電策略對不同種類的功率型18650鋰電池循環的影響進行了分析，下面是鋰電池四種充電策略的詳細講解：

1、恒流恒壓（CCCV）
恒流恒壓充電是最為常見也是最為普通的充電方式，充電開始的階段采用恒流充電的模式對鋰電池進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，當達到(dao)(dao)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后轉而(er)控制電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不變(bian)而(er)不斷降低充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)直到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)達到(dao)(dao)設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)值(zhi)(zhi)或者時間(jian)達到(dao)(dao)設(she)定值(zhi)(zhi)（如下圖a所示）。這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)主要受到(dao)(dao)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)Icc大(da)小的影(ying)響，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量則主要受到(dao)(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Vch和恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)Iend的影(ying)響，而(er)相關(guan)的研究也表(biao)明高的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Vch和大(da)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)Icc會導致鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池的壽命顯著劣(lie)化。

2、多步恒流充電法（MSCC）
在這種充電策(ce)略中不再使用(yong)(yong)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充電，而是采用(yong)(yong)了(le)多步的充電電流(liu)(liu)(liu)遞減的恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電策(ce)略，例如采用(yong)(yong)I1恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電到(dao)(dao)截(jie)止電壓(ya)(ya)后，繼(ji)續(xu)采用(yong)(yong)更小的電流(liu)(liu)(liu)I2充電到(dao)(dao)截(jie)止電壓(ya)(ya)，依次類推直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)降低到(dao)(dao)最終截(jie)止電流(liu)(liu)(liu)（如下圖b所示(shi)）。

3、脈沖充電法（PC）
這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法可以在一些相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)文(wen)獻報道中發現，在這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略中充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中可能會采用一系列的(de)(de)調整充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流甚至是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)向（放電(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)短時間脈沖(chong)構成(cheng)，常見的(de)(de)脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略有兩種，一種是(shi)僅將(jiang)CCCV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中的(de)(de)恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分替換(huan)(huan)為脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（如(ru)下圖c所示），另外一種是(shi)將(jiang)整個過(guo)程(cheng)都(dou)替換(huan)(huan)為脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（如(ru)下圖d所示）。

4、加速充電（BC）
所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)加速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)是在CCCV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)增加了一個大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)CC或者恒功率充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)，從而達到降(jiang)低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)（如下圖(tu)e所示），有(you)(you)研究表明(ming)加速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)能夠(gou)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)提升鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率，同時又不會對鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)循環壽命產生顯著的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。

Peter Keil選擇了三款功率型18650鋰電池進行實驗
Model A：三洋Sanyo UR18650SA 1.25Ah
Model B：索尼Sony US18650VT1 1.1Ah
Model C：A123 apr18650M1A 1.1Ah

1）恒流恒壓充電（CCCV）
1.1充電電流的影響
下圖為CCCV充電策略中采用不同充電電流時電池充電所需要的時間，從圖中能夠看到電池A和C大部分容量都是在恒流充電的過程中完成的，而恒壓充電容量僅占非常小的一部分，而對于電池B恒壓充電的時間占比較大。

對于電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)影響最大的(de)還(huan)是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流，例(li)如我(wo)們將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流從(cong)1A增(zeng)加到(dao)3A，則充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)能夠縮短(duan)(duan)(duan)50%，繼續將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流提高(gao)到(dao)5A只有電(dian)池A和C的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時時間(jian)縮短(duan)(duan)(duan)了1/3，而電(dian)池B由于恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)較長，所以將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流提高(gao)到(dao)5A后充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)相比于3A并沒有顯著的(de)縮短(duan)(duan)(duan)。

下圖為采用CCCV充電策略時不同的充電電流對于電池循環壽命的影響，從圖中能夠看到對于電池A，大充電電流會造成電池壽命的顯著下降，例如1A充電時電池的壽命可達1000次，3A充電時電池的壽命就會下降到800次，而充電電流達到5A時電池的壽命則僅為600次左右。但是對于電池B不同的充電電流對于電池的循環壽命并沒有顯著的影響。對于電池C在1A充電時電池循環1200次后容量保持率仍然可以達到97%，3A充電時電池循環1200次后容量保持率為95%，但是在5A充電時電池壽命會發生快速衰降，壽命不足700次。

1.2充電截止電壓的影響
充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)正(zheng)負極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢，因此對(dui)于鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環壽命會(hui)產生顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。下圖為A、B和(he)C三種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量隨(sui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化，可以看到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)A和(he)B的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量有(you)顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)每降低100mV，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量會(hui)衰降10-20%，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)C由于采用了LFP正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)，因此在3.4V以上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量幾乎與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)無關(guan)。

下面為不同截止電壓下電池的循環性能，整體上來看隨著充電截止電壓升高電池的循環性能是在不斷降低的，對于電池A而言，充電截止電壓的影響就比較小，如果將將充電截止電壓從4.2V降低到4.1V，壽命僅增加100次左右，要顯著增加A電池的壽命需要降低到4.0V，但是這會使得電池的容量降低30%，而提高電池的充電電壓到4.25V則僅僅會使得電池的循環壽命輕微的降低。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池B則(ze)對(dui)(dui)于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓敏感的(de)多(duo)，將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓從4.1V降低到4.0V后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在循環(huan)(huan)800次(ci)后容(rong)量保持率提高5%，但是進一(yi)步降低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓到3.9V則(ze)對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)循環(huan)(huan)壽(shou)命沒(mei)有顯(xian)著的(de)影響，但是如果將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓提高到4.15V則(ze)會(hui)顯(xian)著的(de)加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)池B的(de)衰降速度(du)。

電(dian)池C對(dui)(dui)于充電(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)壓(ya)最為敏感，如果將充電(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)壓(ya)從3.6V提高到3.65V則會導致電(dian)池的循環壽命(ming)出(chu)現顯著(zhu)的降低，但是降低充電(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)壓(ya)對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)池的循環壽命(ming)沒(mei)有顯著(zhu)的影響。

2）脈沖充電（CCPC／PC）
2.1恒流脈沖（CCPC）
恒(heng)流脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度(du)與(yu)恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度(du)接近，只(zhi)是將恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段替換為(wei)脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間上(shang)(shang)CCPC相(xiang)比(bi)于常(chang)見的(de)恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)際上(shang)(shang)會更長(chang)一點，因此在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間上(shang)(shang)CCPC并沒有優勢。

下圖為采用CCPC和PC充電策略的三種電池的循環數據，可以看到對于三種電池采用CCPC充電策略時，電池的循環壽命實際上與采用相同充電電流的CCCV充電策略是相同的。

2.2脈沖充電（PC）
與(yu)前面的(de)(de)CCPC充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve)不同，PC充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve)在(zai)(zai)整個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中都(dou)采(cai)用(yong)了(le)脈(mo)(mo)沖的(de)(de)方式(shi)進行，由于在(zai)(zai)脈(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)過程中極化(hua)比較大，因此脈(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)有所降低，例如(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)A在(zai)(zai)脈(mo)(mo)沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)僅(jin)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)沖入(ru)80%的(de)(de)容量(liang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)C能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)沖入(ru)95%的(de)(de)容量(liang)。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)上(shang)PC充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve)與(yu)同樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)CCCV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制度幾本相(xiang)同，從上(shang)圖的(de)(de)循(xun)環數據能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)看到(dao)PC充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循(xun)環壽(shou)命(ming)與(yu)同樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)CCCV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)(ce)(ce)略(lve)(lve)幾本相(xiang)同。

3）加速充電（BC）
加速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)是在較低的SoC范圍內(nei)使用較大(da)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流（5A）進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，達到(dao)截止電(dian)(dian)壓后(hou)轉而采用小電(dian)(dian)流（1A）CCCV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間相對縮短，經過測試電(dian)(dian)池(chi)A采用BC充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)(lve)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間為57min，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)C為48min，介于1A和3A電(dian)(dian)流的CCCV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間之間。

下圖為電池A和C采用BC充電策略的循環性能，從圖中能夠看到對于電池A，如果從0%開始采用加速充電（5A）則會導致電池的衰降速度顯著增加，與5A電流的CCCV充電策略接近。而如果從10%SoC和20%開始加速充電，則循環壽命會大大改善，與3A電流的CCCV充電策略接近。而對于電池C，如果開始加速充電的SoC為0%和10%則會導致電池的衰降速度明顯加速，而如果在20%SoC開始加速充電，則對于電池的循環壽命的影響較小。這也表明在較低的SoC下進行加速充電會導致電池的循環壽命受到顯著的影響。

Peter Keil的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作表明，對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)循(xun)環壽命(ming)(ming)影響最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)A和(he)C在5A大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下(xia)進(jin)行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時會(hui)導致鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環壽命(ming)(ming)嚴(yan)重(zhong)縮(suo)短(duan)，但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)B的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環壽命(ming)(ming)似乎受(shou)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響不大(da)。其次是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)會(hui)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縮(suo)短(duan)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命(ming)(ming)，特(te)別是(shi)對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)B和(he)C將充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)提高(gao)50mV就會(hui)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環壽命(ming)(ming)。

從充(chong)電(dian)策(ce)略來(lai)看(kan)，脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)策(ce)略對于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環壽命沒(mei)有顯著的(de)影(ying)響（相比于(yu)CCCV），但是脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)也沒(mei)有減少充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間，特別(bie)是CCPC充(chong)電(dian)策(ce)略還會導(dao)致電(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間有所(suo)延長(chang)。

加速充電（BC）策略(lve)(lve)能(neng)夠減少一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)，但是(shi)加(jia)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)策略(lve)(lve)需要謹(jin)慎的(de)(de)(de)選擇加(jia)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)SoC范(fan)(fan)圍，在過低的(de)(de)(de)SoC的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)盡(jin)量不(bu)要使(shi)用加(jia)速(su)充(chong)電(dian)，以(yi)免影響電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)循環(huan)壽命。