一般電池行業的人都知道，鋰電池的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態是否(fou)穩(wen)定，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化起到(dao)了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響因(yin)(yin)素，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)環境下(xia)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)率就有所(suo)下(xia)降(jiang)，在所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境因(yin)(yin)素中，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能影(ying)(ying)響最大，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)界面上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)反應(ying)與(yu)環境溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)有關，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)界面被視為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟。如(ru)果溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)下(xia)降(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反應(ying)率也(ye)下(xia)降(jiang)，假(jia)設電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)(chi)不變(bian)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)低，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率輸出(chu)也(ye)會下(xia)降(jiang)。如(ru)果溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)相反，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)輸出(chu)功(gong)率會上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)也(ye)影(ying)(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳送速度(du)(du)(du)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)加快(kuai)，傳送溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)下(xia)降(jiang)，傳送減慢，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能也(ye)會受到(dao)影(ying)(ying)響。但溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)太高(gao)(gao)，超過45℃鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)廣泛地應(ying)用到(dao)人們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活(huo)當中，這使(shi)得它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)環境成為關注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要點，相對來說，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更(geng)容易在高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)環境下(xia)產生(sheng)安全(quan)問題，因(yin)(yin)此，必須對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)，并與(yu)其常溫(wen)(wen)(wen)測試(shi)數(shu)據相比較。

溫度的變化直接影響了鋰電池的放電性能和放電出來的容量大小。溫度降低，電池內阻加大，電化學反應速度放慢，極化內阻迅速增加，電池放電容量和放電平臺下降，影響電池功率和能量的輸出。對于鋰離子電池，低溫條件下(xia)(xia)放電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)急(ji)劇下(xia)(xia)降，但在高(gao)溫情況下(xia)(xia)放電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)并不(bu)比常(chang)溫低，有時還會略高(gao)于常(chang)溫容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，主要是高(gao)溫情況下(xia)(xia)鋰離子(zi)遷移速(su)度(du)加快(kuai)，鋰電(dian)(dian)極(ji)不(bu)像鎳電(dian)(dian)極(ji)和和貯(zhu)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)那樣在高(gao)溫情況下(xia)(xia)產(chan)生分解或形成(cheng)氫(qing)氣使(shi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)下(xia)(xia)降。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)模塊低溫放電(dian)(dian)時，隨著放電(dian)(dian)的進(jin)行(xing)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)阻等原因產(chan)生熱量(liang)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫度(du)升高(gao)，表現(xian)為電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有抬升現(xian)象，隨著放電(dian)(dian)的進(jin)行(xing)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)再逐(zhu)漸下(xia)(xia)降。

目前鋰(li)電(dian)池行業還沒(mei)有明確的(de)(de)(de)理論支撐(cheng)其各溫(wen)(wen)度性能下的(de)(de)(de)內阻、放電(dian)平臺、壽(shou)命、容(rong)量等必然聯系(xi)，相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)計算公式和數學模型(xing)還在摸(mo)索階段。在實際的(de)(de)(de)實驗證(zheng)明下，鋰(li)電(dian)池對0-40℃這個區間的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度并不敏感(gan)，如果在充放電(dian)時溫(wen)(wen)度變化低(di)(di)于(yu)0℃或(huo)者(zhe)高于(yu)40℃，鋰(li)電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)循環壽(shou)命和容(rong)量就(jiu)會低(di)(di)于(yu)正常數值，溫(wen)(wen)度超(chao)出的(de)(de)(de)范圍越(yue)大，容(rong)量與壽(shou)命就(jiu)較(jiao)(jiao)少的(de)(de)(de)越(yue)多。打個比(bi)方(fang)：一到(dao)了冬(dong)天特別是北方(fang)較(jiao)(jiao)寒冷的(de)(de)(de)地(di)區，手機電(dian)池電(dian)量使用的(de)(de)(de)時間要比(bi)夏天短(duan)很(hen)多，這就(jiu)是與溫(wen)(wen)度變化有關，并不是手機電(dian)池不耐用的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。

不同材料鋰電池的低溫性能也有區別，舉個例子磷酸鐵鋰是低溫性能最差的，我們恒帝電池研發的磷酸鐵鋰電池在(zai)(zai)-10℃時放出容量(liang)為(wei)最(zui)大(da)容量(liang)的(de)(de)89%，應該(gai)在(zai)(zai)業(ye)內已經是(shi)(shi)比(bi)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)；在(zai)(zai)55℃下(xia)放出容量(liang)可達到(dao)95%，相對(dui)低溫(wen)的(de)(de)衰(shuai)減還是(shi)(shi)比(bi)較少的(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)錳酸鋰、鈷酸鋰和(he)三元(yuan)產品的(de)(de)低溫(wen)性能要好(hao)(hao)一(yi)些，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)也有限；而犧牲的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)性能。現在(zai)(zai)業(ye)內吹磷酸鐵鋰安(an)全性能高(gao)(gao)，高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)性能好(hao)(hao)，其實是(shi)(shi)電池活(huo)性沒(mei)有上述三種高(gao)(gao)，相對(dui)安(an)全一(yi)些。整體(ti)性能還是(shi)(shi)不如錳鋰或三元(yuan)的(de)(de)。一(yi)到(dao)了(le)冬天特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)北方較寒(han)冷的(de)(de)地區(qu)，手機電池電量(liang)使(shi)用的(de)(de)時間要比(bi)夏天短很(hen)多。

鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池越來越廣泛地應用到人們的生(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)活當中(zhong)，這使得它的溫度(du)環境成為關(guan)注的要(yao)點(dian)，相對來說，鋰(li)電(dian)池更(geng)容易在高(gao)溫環境下(xia)產(chan)生(sheng)安(an)全問(wen)題，因(yin)此，必(bi)須對鋰(li)電(dian)池進(jin)行高(gao)溫性(xing)能的測試，并與其(qi)常(chang)溫測試數據相比(bi)較。

測(ce)試條件(jian)：選擇兩只恒帝電(dian)池生產的聚合物(wu)鋰電(dian)池603048-950mAh方形鋰電(dian)池，分別在25℃(常溫)和(he)60℃(高溫)下(xia)進行。

充放電(dian)制度設(she)計(ji)：適(shi)用(yong)恒流恒壓充電(dian)和恒流放電(dian)制度。充電(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)壓為(wei)4.2V，放電(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)壓為(wei)3.0V。首先以1C即950mA充電(dian)至4.2V，再以4.2V恒壓充電(dian)直至截止(zhi)電(dian)流到(dao)20mA;然后以950mA恒流放電(dian)至3.0V，如此(ci)循環(huan)充放電(dian)300次。

這里截取三個節點：即第50次、150次、300次充放電循環。

一、在前50次循環過程中：
1、25℃下的表現：容量衰減過程略有起伏，但并非線性，50次后的放電容量保持在96.6%；
2、60℃下的表現：容量衰減過程接近于線性，50次(ci)后的放電容量保持在(zai)95.5%。

這說明，在50次以內較少(shao)的(de)(de)循(xun)環時，高(gao)溫循(xun)環穩定(ding)性(xing)略差于常溫循(xun)環穩定(ding)性(xing)。但(dan)這里有一(yi)個很重要的(de)(de)現象，即鋰電池在高(gao)溫條件下放(fang)出的(de)(de)電量(liang)高(gao)于電池的(de)(de)額定(ding)容量(liang)，這里的(de)(de)原因在于，高(gao)溫時電解質的(de)(de)黏(nian)度降低，從而加快了鋰離(li)子的(de)(de)遷移速度，這時，不(bu)但(dan)放(fang)電容量(liang)高(gao)于額定(ding)容量(liang)，而且充入(ru)的(de)(de)電量(liang)更高(gao)。

二、在前150次循環過程中：
1、60℃下放出的容量每次都大于25℃時放出的容量;
2、60℃下初始容量(liang)為1020mAh，高(gao)于額(e)定(ding)容量(liang)，25℃下初始容量(liang)為930mAh ，但60℃時(shi)容量(liang)衰減(jian)較快。

三、300次循環后的狀態：這時(shi)，常(chang)溫狀態下(xia)(xia)的指標全面優化，在(zai)保(bao)持較慢的容量衰減(jian)速度時(shi)，其容量可(ke)以(yi)保(bao)持在(zai)800mAh，而(er)60℃時(shi)只有730 mAh。此時(shi)，60℃下(xia)(xia)的充放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)壓平臺越(yue)來越(yue)低，而(er)常(chang)溫下(xia)(xia)幾乎(hu)不變。

上(shang)述容量(liang)衰減的(de)(de)表現還(huan)可以從鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)在不(bu)(bu)同(tong)溫度下(xia)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)補充(chong)情況(kuang)進行佐(zuo)證：在25℃下(xia)經過300次循環后，其恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)比例變化不(bu)(bu)大，但在60℃時，恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)所獲(huo)得(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)補充(chong)逐漸減少，而(er)恒(heng)壓階段獲(huo)得(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)顯(xian)著(zhu)增(zeng)加。這(zhe)是由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)極化現象引起(qi)的(de)(de)。